Words and actions Essay Example for Free

Words and actions Essay Hal and Hotspur have what is probably the strongest rivalry in this play. The word attractive can have many meanings but I will interpret it as being the person who comes across as being the one who really appeals to the audience through their strong and weak points. In real life Hal and Hotspur were not even of the same generation, let alone the same age. Shakespeare has changed the age of Hotspur to make him the same age as Hal. This allows him to compare the two characters and to build up a strong rivalry between them. Shakespeare also uses Hotspur to make Hals character appear more attractive and to show that he is actually very suited to the throne. Prince Hal is a character who, at the start of the play, appears to be riotous and disobedient. However, Hal does possess many appealing qualities and as the play goes on, we start to see that the time Hal spends in the tavern is part of his learning experience and he is learning to be able to function at any level to help him become an effective and successful king. We learn this from Hals soliloquy when he says, He may be more wondered at, by breaking through the foul and ugly mists (by which he means the world of the tavern and in particular, Falstaff). By this Hal means that when he decides to throw off Falstaff and Poins and become a righteous Prince, it will be a shock to people and he will look like a much better person. Another strong quality that Hals soliloquy shows us he has is that he has a plan to his life and he knows what he is going to do and when he is going to do it. This is shown by Hals statement of how he is going to be Redeeming time when men think least I will and also by the level of planning that has gone into his soliloquy. It is obvious that he hasnt just thought it up on the spot but that he has thought it all through previously. Hal appears in both the tavern and the court but it is when he is in the world of the tavern that he really emerges as a humorous character and he uses his intelligence to mock Falstaff through puns like, come, roundly, roundly amongst others. This humor makes Hal an attractive character because audiences like comics and humor and will always like a humorous character even if one of his jokes seems to be cruel and pointless (shown when Hal mocks Francis who has done him no wrong). Prince Hal also has unattractive qualities which make him less of an attractive character. In one instance he uses his royalty and status to ridicule a simple person in what appears to be a pointless and un-humorous joke. He carries the joke out on a bartender, Francis, who doesnt have any way of mocking him back, which puts Hals sense of humor in question. This is shown when Poins says, What cunning match have you made with this jest of the drawer? Another of Hals weaknesses is the fact that he actually leads such a criminal lifestyle. He steals from people and even the fact that he is planning to reform cannot hide this fact. He give his family a bad name through being involved in the criminal underworld and neglecting his princely duties. When he says Where shall we take a purse tomorrow, Jack? he shows that he isnt just being led into crime by Falstaff but he is actually wanting to be involved. Some qualities which Hal has are seen as unattractive but are actually necessary for him to become a successful king. One example of this is Hals hard headedness when it comes to politics. Hal appears to be using Falstaff for his own gain and even though he seems to enjoy having a laugh with him, when it comes to throwing him off he doesnt show any remorse. It is possible that Hal didnt like Falstaff in the first place but this seems to be unlikely due to the amount of time he spends joking with him. The way in which Hal discards Falstaff doesnt reflect well on his personality but it is necessary if he is to become successful in his kingship. Hotspur also has attractive and unattractive qualities. The first we hear of him in the play is when he is being praised by the king. The king even goes so far as to say That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children meaning that he wishes that he could prove that a fairy had exchanged his son with Hotspur when they were babies. This makes us think that if the king wishes Hotspur was his son then he must be a much better person than Hal and thus be the obvious choice for the most attractive character. The king says that Hotspur is The theme of honours tongue which is obviously a very high title to be given and Hotspur probably does deserve this mention for his skill as a warrior. Hotspur is a very brave character whose main aim in life is to gain honour for himself and Without corrival or without having to share it with others. A suitable example of Hotspurs search for honour is when he says O the blood more stirs, to rouse a lion than to start a hare! meaning that you will look a lot braver if you attack a lion than you will if you attack a hare. When Hotspur mentions the lion here he could be referring to the king as at another point in the play Falstaff compares the king to being a lion. Although wanting to gain honour is a clever and acceptable thing the lengths that Hotspur is willing to go to to gain honour is too extreme. When he finds out that his fathers army wont be present at the battle his reaction is very rash. He says that with the scales tipped against them winning the battle would be a larger dare to our great enterprise meaning that their smaller army will gain more honour if they defeat the kings army. It is with this attitude that Hotspur goes into battle and eventually gets defeated and killed. Hotspur gets his nickname from his hot headedness and from not being able to control his temper which is obviously an unattractive quality. We see this quite early on in the play when Hotspur loses his temper in front of the king and shouts Revolted Mortimer! when the king is accusing Mortimer of joining forces with Glendower and he refuses to pay the ransom for Mortimer. This hot headedness makes Hotspur look less attractive as he cannot properly control his temper but at the same time standing up to the king could be seen as an attractive point. As well as being hot headed, Hotspur is also forgetful. When the rebels hold an important meeting Hotspur is given the job of bringing the map be he manages to forget this simple task as the line A plague upon it! I have forgot the map! shows. As Hotspur is supposed to have a claim to being future king even a small problem like this could prove fatal should he become king and forget something important. When these two very important characters are being compared together we can get a clearer idea as to who stands out as being the most attractive character. Hotspurs greatest attribute is his skill in battle and he often shows off how good a warrior he is but when they actually meet in battle Hal comes out on top and he kills Hotspur. At the start of the play Henry IV says that he wishes Hotspur was prince instead of Hal but as the play does on we start to see Hotspurs less attractive qualities come to light as we see Hals attractive qualities. Then, by the end of the play we discover that actually Hal will be a better prince than Hotspur could be. Although, at the start of the play it is Hotspur who comes across as being the most attractive character, a combination of strong and weak qualities which both Hal and Hotspur possess make us change our minds as the play goes on and at the end of the play it is Hal who stands out as being the most attractive character.

French Revolution :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is the end of our revolution? The tranquil enjoyment of liberty and equality; the reign of that eternal justice, the laws of which are graven, not on marble or stone, but in the hearts of men, even in the heart of the slave who has forgotten them, and in that of the tyrant who disowns them.† (Robespiere, On the Principles of Political Morality)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"... to put an end to the anarchy in the interior of France, to check the attacks upon the throne and the altar, to reestablish the legal power, to restore to the king the security and the liberty of which he is now deprived and to place him in a position to exercise once more the legitimate authority which belongs to him.† ( Duke of Brunswick, Proclamation)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The poor man is superior to government and the powers of the world; he should address them as a master.† (Saint-Just, Republican Institutes)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French Revolution was essentially the pivotal culmination of a rising conflict between two opposing conceptions as to the source by which a governing state derived its authority. During the late eighteenth century an ideology accentuating reason, freedom, and the sovereignty of the common man grew in direct opposition to the accepted dogmas of absolutism and divine right of the monarchy. As illustrated within the three aforementioned quotes, the divergent depth between these two philosophies of government created a void, one which would ultimately lead to the French Revolution and alter the course of Western culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within Robespiere’s quote one is able to observe the aspirations of the Bourgeoisie and peasant revolutionaries; an ideal society of liberty and equality wherein one is as much a subject of the state as the state is a subject of thee. This converging movement towards reasoning and justice grew from the theories of such revolutionary thinkers as Voltaire, Rousseau, and the Encyclopedists, who presented a vision of a liberal community with equal rights and responsibilities, wherein reason replaced the monarch’s claim to divine right as the ultimate authority, and where all men lived in a brotherhood. It must be acknowledged that such influences as France’s severe financial difficulties and the resulting poverty, peasant grievances with such abuses as the seigniorial system, a weak and unstable monarchy under Louis XVI, and the expense of supporting Washington’s army in the New World all attributed to the eventual revolt. However, it was this new ideology set upon equality, justice and freedom, an ideology further fueled by some of the ideas that French soldiers returned with from America, that was the essential keystone which led to the Revolution.

African Americans health disparities Essay

In 2011, the diagnosis rate for HIV cases in the United States was 15. 8 per 100,000 population and 60. 4 among Blacks. Of 197,090 diagnoses of HIV-infection from 2008- 2011, Blacks/African Americans accounted for: ?47% OF THE TOTAL ?64% OF WOMEN ?66% OF INFECTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO HETEROSEXUAL CONTACT ?67% OF CHILDREN, AGES < 13 In 2010, the death rate for blacks was higher (25. 0 per 100,000) compared with any other racial ethnicity group (3. 0 whites). Blacks represented 49% of all deaths with HIV in 2010. A recent study showed that blacks diagnosed with HIV are less likely than other groups to be linked to care, retained in care, receive antiretroviral treatment and achieve adequate viral suppression. African American Males African American men accounted for 42% of HIV cases diagnosed among men in 2011. A majority (72%) of African American men with HIV contracted the disease by male to male contact while 19% contracted HIV through heterosexual exposure. African American Females Among African American women, high risk heterosexual contact was the most frequently cited mode of transmission, accounting for 89% of cases diagnosed in 2011. More Information: ?HIV/AIDS TOPIC SITE ?HIV/AIDS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ?HIV/AIDS STATISTICS AND SURVEILLANCE Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Gonorrhea In 2010, 69% of all reported cases of gonorrhea occurred among blacks. The rate of gonorrhea among blacks in 2010 was 432. 5 cases per 100,000 population, which was 18. 7 times the rate among whites (23. 1). This disparity has changed little in recent years. This disparity was larger for black men (22. 2 times) than for black women (16. 2 times). Chlamydia In 2010, the overall rate among blacks in the United States was 1,167. 5 cases per 100,000, a 4.0% increase from the 2009 rate of 1,122. 2 cases per 100,000. The rate of chlamydia among black women was over seven times the rate among white women (1,536. 5 and 205. 1 per 100,000 women, respectively). The chlamydia rate among black men was almost 11 times the rate among white men (761. 8 and 69. 9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively). Syphilis During 2009–2010, the rate of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among blacks decreased 8. 7% (from 18. 4 to 16. 8 cases per 100,000 population). In 2010, 47. 4% of all cases reported to CDC were among blacks and 31. 0% of all cases were among whites. The overall 2010 rate for blacks was eight times the rate for whites, while the 2009 rate was 9. 2 times the rate for whites. In 2010, the rate of P&S syphilis among black men was 7. 1 times the rate among white men; the rate among black women was 21 times the rate among white women. In 2010, the rate of congenital syphilis was 33. 1 cases per 100,000 live births among blacks. Race/ethnicity for cases of congenital syphilis is based on the mother’s race/ethnicity. This rates was 12. 3 times the rate among whites (2. 7 cases per 100,000 live births). More Information: ?STD TOPIC SITE? STDS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES ?STD SURVEILLANCE REPORT ?STDS IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES Viral Hepatitis Acute Hepatitis A During the past 10 years, there has been little difference between the rates of acute hepatitis A among white non-Hispanics and black non-Hispanics. The 2011 rates for these groups were 0. 29 and 0. 27 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Acute Hepatitis B In 2011, the rate of acute hepatitis B was highest for Black non-Hispanics (1. 4 cases per 100,000 population). Acute Hepatitis C During 2002–2010, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C remained below 0. 5 cases per 100,000. The rate of hepatitis C among Black non-Hispanics increased 27. 3% (to 0. 14 case per 100,000 population in 2011). More Information: ?VIRAL HEPATITIS TOPIC SITE ?SURVEILLANCE REPORT FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS Tuberculosis (TB) In 2010, 84% of all reported TB cases occurred in racial and ethnic minorities. Non- Hispanic blacks or African Americans accounted for 24% of TB cases in 2010. African Americans make up approximately 14% of the U. S. population, but accounted for 40% of TB cases in U. S. -born persons. Overall, 11,182 TB cases were reported to CDC from the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2010.

Contribute to the Child and Young Person Development Essay

An explanation of how to give adult support to the children for each of these transitions. If the child has had a death in the family. For instance, a child that they miss their parents or families and they want to be with parents and don’t like to stay at the nursery, firstly they need to be reassured, hugged and soothed, so they can feel that you are there to help them to listen to them, I can talk to them and encourage him or her to do some activities that can help the child to forget the parents for a certain hile, I can encourage him or her to play with other children, tell them a story, or bring them in a home corner to have a quiet time or 1 to 1 talking so they can express their feelings and afterwards they’ll might feel like getting involved with other children when they feel more comfortable and they can make friends and make their bereavement fade with time. They will also need therapy so they can talk through this difficulty or psychologists to help the chil d. Going to nursery. Going to nursery for the first time is not easy, the child might be worried because they don’t have friend there, they don’t know anyone and they don’t know what do, most of the children, will be shy, and so on. As a nursery practitioner I need to know how to deal with children at the first time in the nursery and I need to think of what best I can do to help them settle in, to make the children development progress. It would be good to meet the parents and child before starting nursery, to see the child daily environment by a home visit. Some children find it difficult to separate from mummy when starting the nursery and might cry, I can seat him or she on my lap reassuring the child, talk to him or her 1 to 1 let the child know that mummy will come back later after lunch, at this time children need to be hug and soothe so they know I am there to help them, take care of them, give them love, I can introduce the other children to him or her, the child might get interested in what other children are doing so I can encourage and help the child to join in. Some might take a while to settle in and might cry they might have a special toy that they use for comfort and bring it with them. All the staff of the nursery will need to work hard to encourage the child to take part in activities, to make him or her feel welcome. I could talk to parents to know more the child’s like and dislikes and use the knowledge to make an interesting activity for the child. Also allow them visits beforehand to the nursery and so they became familiar with the staff. Moving home/ country. Families who moved from one place to another, it’s quite hard for the child to adjust to a new environment, education and people. But I can do a various activities to help assist the child to deal with their emotional feelings while transition takes place. If a child is new, I can encourage the child to talk about where they used to be, I could look at a map with other children and show where he is from and how far he come from, maybe we could encourage the child to draw a picture of the new nursery to send it to ask his parents to send it to their friend in that country or even family e. . grandmother. Allow the child time to settle in. I can spend time with the child doing 1:1 activities so that they can get to know me. Admitted to hospital. When a child has a long term medical condition and needs to be admitted to hospital very often, it gets hard on the child when coming back to school as they have missed much, I can keep in contact with the parents to know the child progr ess, I could arrange to bring the child homework so he or she can keep up with the rest of the children, I could arrange to visit him or her with some student at a time to encourage him or her. If it was a child from a nursery I could prepare some activities to take to the hospital for the child to make him or her fell included, encourage the children in the nursery to do a get well card, once the child was back at the nursery I could arrange a game of dressing up of doctors.

Interim Report of the Factors Influencing the Success of Community Tourism in South Africa Essays

Interim Report of the Factors Influencing the Success of Community Tourism in South Africa Essays Interim Report of the Factors Influencing the Success of Community Tourism in South Africa Essay Interim Report of the Factors Influencing the Success of Community Tourism in South Africa Essay Submitted to: ACTS South Africa PO Box 13911 Mowbray South Africa 7705 South Africa 30 November 2009 Submitted by: FinnGroup Ltd Group 3 Helin Henrietta 09163185 Makinen Outi 07083938 Raudaskoski Heli 09163176 Tuominen Katja-Mirjami 07084112 Introduction In this consultancy report we will discuss about the concepts of community tourism and pro-poor tourism and their sustainability both in general and in the context of South Africa. The first section of the report introduces sustainable tourism development and its current trends. The next section discusses community tourism and pro-poor tourism; their connection to sustainable tourism development. After the general theory, the report moves on to discuss these issues in the context of tourism in South Africa. It will consider the tourism policy framework and practises to date. We will critically analyse the positive and negative aspects of tourism development in local communities as well as in general level in South Africa. After the main body of the report we will make carefully considered recommendations for future policy making and practises of sustainable tourism development in the destination. c. The meaning of sustainable tourism development: a critical analysis of current trends (Raudaskoski Heli) The concept of sustainable tourism development has become a widely accepted practice in tourism industry worldwide within the last decade (Sharpley, 2000). As tourism industry continues to grow, the importance of integrating sustainable approach with tourism development becomes extremely necessary (UNEP WHO, 2005). Especially the growth of mass tourism has led to many problems including environmental, social and cultural dimensions (Mowforth Munt, 2009). The importance of sustainable travel and tourism was recognized in tourism-related literature in the early 1990’s (Cohen, 2002). Many of the world’s tourists are seeking to visit well-preserved historical and cultural attractions in destinations that are located in authentic, clean and fragile environments (UNEP WHO, 2005). In order to secure the industry’s future, the tenets of sustainability should be included in the tourism development; tourism policymaking and practice. (Cohen, 2002) In 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Tourism Organization defined that the aims of sustainable tourism development are to minimize the negative impacts that tourism has on the destinations’ local environments as well as to increase the benefits of the industry growth in the communities (UNEP WHO, 2005). . A critical overview of community tourism and pro-poor tourism as sustainable approaches to tourism development in the developing world (Makinen Outi) Community tourism gives a possibility to local people to get involved in tourism business by offering tours and activities in the destination and develop the sustainable tourism. (Mann, 2000) The requisite is that the community is surrounded by the physical environment and it reflects to local economic activities and lifestyles. S ingh et al, 2003) Locals are benefiting from the tourism in many ways such as being part of the decision-making, ownership and receiving profits from any tourism ventures. According to United Nations, â€Å"the most sustainable form of tourism will be achieved when local people take control of their lives and determine to live according to their traditions on their own terms. † (2001, pp. 11) Policy and regulations, funding, planning and education are the key components in achieving the sustainability in community tourism according to Choi Sirakaya’s research results in 2005. Richard and Hall assert that there is no sustainable tourism development without community sustainability. Communities need to support themselves on the basis of available resources such as the environment globally and locally. (2000) Pro-poor tourism gives poor people a possibility to actively participate in tourism. (Ashley, et al. , 2001) The degree of control is significant element of sustainability and the debate is how local communities should be involved in the sustainable development of tourism in their area. If sustainable tourism development is successful, it may help pro-poor tourism to reduce the poverty in different levels. (Mowforth Munt, 2003) To achieve the sustainable tourism in poor regions tourism development needs to be well planned and managed and the overall environmental quality needs to be maintained and improved. Poverty reduction impacts should be taken into consideration when assessing sustainability. (WTO, 2002) e. Community tourism and pro-poor tourism in South Africa: a critical review of practice to date (Helin Henrietta) In 1996 the government of South Africa published the White Paper on the Development and Promotion of Tourism which set frameworks for South Africa’s new tourism policy. (Richards Wilson, 2007) The White Paper identifies that community-based tourism has a lot of potential on developing South Africa’s economy and implies many examples of community participation possibilities. It also recognises the difficulties of community tourism, for example a lack of awareness, lack of information or training and lack of access to finance. Hughes Vaughan, 2001) Over the last decade there have been major changes in tourism development and actions in community tourism and pro-poor tourism have become more common. The government and the private sector have created many strategies to improve country’s tourism opportunities. (Spenceley, 2003) One of the most noticeable changes in South Africa has been the founding of a community tourism body. (Hughes Vaughan, 2001) In order to ex plore pro-poor tourism in South Africa, five private sector tourism companies’ performance in economic, social and environmental sustainability was reviewed during 2001-2002. These five companies have used several pro-poor strategies including employment opportunities, business opportunities and material donations. (Spenceley Seif, 2003) There are also a number of critical issues affecting the viability of pro-poor tourism strategies: even though partnerships with private sector can be beneficial for host communities, it means that local communities cannot be in control of tourism in the area. (Singh, et al. , 2003) In some cases the benefits of these partnerships are really low at a household level. Spenceley, 2003) The positive impacts of small tourism enterprises in relation to the amount of people are not felt by many and poor people and pro-poor tourism products are in remote areas with poor infrastructure. (Spenceley Seif, 2003) f. A critical overview of provision and trends in South African tourism since 1994, including a review of the policy framework (Tuominen Katja-Mirjami) South African policies are based on the legal and political context fo llowing the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. Spenceley Seif, 2003) South Africa has aimed to build a post-apartheid heritage since 1994 through establishment of local museums and new heritage trails; (Hughes, 2006) alleviation of poverty within disadvantaged areas and sustainable economic development are the cornerstones of new policies in the post-apartheid South Africa. (Spenceley Seif, 2003) The White Paper of 1996 recognised tourism as an important tool for economic development emphasising community based tourism initiatives; however what constitutes â€Å"community based tourism† is not clearly defined. Hughes Vaughan, 2001) Catering, accommodation, services and attractions are considered suitable sectors for community-based tourism initiatives; in urban areas historic and political sites will also have an important role. (Hughes Vaughan, 2001) Apartheid-period policies still overshadow the tourism industry; although as a tourism destination South Africa is very attractive, many tourists feel the impact of the past policies and are unwilling to visit. (Government of South Africa, 1996) Since 1994 South Africa has seen a vast increase in the number of international tourists and domestic visitors. Hughes, 2006) The private sector consists of large-scale sites such as the Apartheid Museum and Voortrekker Monument and â€Å"small-scale recreations of ‘tradition’†, cultural villages and township tours. (Hughes, 2006:279) The tours and cultural villages are the main forms of community tourism in South Africa; as private initiatives they are largely geared towards the foreign visitor market. (Hughes, 2006) Provisional statement Terms sustainability, sustainable development, tourism development, sustainable tourism, pro-poor tourism and community tourism and the policy framework are discussed more detailed in the final report. After going through different sources of sustainable tourism development, community and pro-poor tourism in general and in the case of South Africa we have identified few preliminary recommendations to be made in the destination. As discussed earlier in the report, there have been difficulties in defining many terms related to sustainable tourism development. There should be clear definitions and understandings between different stakeholders in order to make South African tourism truly sustainable. With effective planning, communities could benefit more from tourism. Local communities should have more control over tourism development instead of the private sector. In one hand, the local communities need support of the private sector but on the other hand the private sector should not interfere too much, as it makes the local communities feel that they are not in control of tourism in their communities. It is important to include the locals into tourism business. Another problem in South Africa is that some of the pro-poor tourism products are located in remote areas; therefore there is a need for better infrastructure and access to these areas. Bibliography Ashley et al (2001) Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism work for the Poor, Nottingham: The Russell Press Choi, H. C. Sirakaya, E. (2006) Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism, Tourism Management 27, 1274-1289 Cohen, E (2002) Authenticity, Equity and Sustainability in Tourism, Journal of sustainable tourism 10 (4), 267-276 Government of South Africa, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (1996) â€Å"The Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa†, South African Government Information, info. gov. a/whitepapers/1996/tourism. htm#1. 1 [Accessed 19/10/09] Hughes, H. (2006) â€Å"Rainbow, renaissance, tribes and townships: Tourism and heritage in South Africa Since 1994† in Buhlungu, S. , Daniel, J. Southall, R. (Eds) State of the nation, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, pp. 266-287 Hughes, H. Vaughan, A. (2001) Community Tourism in the New South Africa: A Presentation to Tourism Studies, University of Derby Mann, M. (2000), the Community Tourism Guide, London: Earthscan Singh, S. et al (2003), Tourism in Destination Communities, Oxon Cambridge USA: Cabi Publishing Mowforth, M Munt, I. (2003) Tourism and Sustainability: Development, globalization and new tourism in the Third World, second edition, London: Routledge Mowforth, M. Munt, I. (2009) Tourism and Sustainability: Development, globalization and new tourism in the Third World, third edition. London: Routledge Richard, G. Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development, London: Routledge Richards, G. Wilson, J. (2007) Tourism, creativity and development London: Routledge Schianetz, K. ; Kavanagh, L. Lockington, D. 2007) Concepts and Tools for Comprehensive Sustainability Assessments for Tourism Destinations: A Comparative Review, Journal of sustainable tourism 15 (4), 369-389 Sharpley, R. (2000) Tourism and sustainable development: exploring the theoretical device, Journal of sustainable tourism 8 (1), 1- 19 Spenceley, A. (2003) â€Å"Tourism, local livelihoods and the private sector in South Africa: case studies on the growing role of the private sector in natural resources Management†, Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa Research Paper 8, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies Spenceley, A. Seif, J. (2003) â€Å"PPT working paper no. 11: Strategies, impacts and costs of pro-poor tourism approaches in South Africa†, Pro-poor Tourism, propoortourism. org. uk/11_South_Africa. pdf [Accessed 19/10/09 United Nations Environment Programme World Tourism Organization (2005) Making Tourism More Suitable: a guide for Policy Makers United Nations (2001) Managing Sustainable Tourism Development, New York: United Nations, p 11 World Tourism Organisation, (2002) Tourism and the Poverty Alleviation, WTO

The Secret History Essay Example

The Secret History Essay Example The Secret History Paper The Secret History Paper Essay Topic: Literature When it was published in 1992 The Secret History was acclaimed as the most hyped novel of all time. It sold in vast numbers and despite being marketed as The Thinking Persons Thriller it included elements of many other genres. It has been stated by some critics that much of its success comes from the depth provided by the first person narrative along with the autobiographical detail from Tartt herself. The narrative in The Secret History is provided by Richard Papen, who fulfils the role of an outsider; looking in upon the classics group and gradually becoming assimilated within them. Through the use of the first person narrative the reader only sees Richards perception of events, along with the inaccuracy of his observations; an example of this is his reference to the heavy sweet smell of apples rotting on the ground being both the thing he hated about Plano and one of the things that made Hampden so appealing to him. Richard also states that one of his skills is lying on my feet, something which hardly lends reliability to the narration. This effect is furthered by the separation of Richard the narrator and Richard the leading character. The narrative switches between the recall of events in the past tense and his feelings about these events in the present tense; through this use of a first person retrospective narrative the progression from the focaliser and past self to the narrator represented by the present self can be seen: I suppose at one time in my life I might have had any number of stories, but now there is no other. This is the only story I will ever be able to tell (Prologue) This creates a drama in which the protagonist attempts to make sense of his own self and place within society as the novel progresses. The narration is intra-diegetic and the expression of thought and feeling that this entails draws the reader into the plot very effectively; it has been said by some that it almost implicates the reader in the action themselves. Richard as a narrator drew a mixed response from the critical press; Lee Lescaze in the Wall Street Journal review accused Tartt of using this first person narration as a way of masking her substandard abilities of characterisation, whilst James Wood in the London Review of Books found Richard a fascinating invention and colluded to the fact that he drew the reader into the action. When Bunny is murdered the reader is sympathetic to the actions of the group because they see it only from the perspective of Richard, who by this stage perceives himself to be an integral member of the group. Later in the text he acknowledges his less important position in the whole thing: And it made me feel better in some obscure way: imagining myself a hero, rushing for the gun, instead of merely loitering in its path like the bystander I so essentially am. (Epilogue) In a similar vein, as the group begins to fall apart, and the realisation of the full implications of their actions sinks in, then the reader shares to a certain extent the revulsion and the shame experienced by Richard. As a result of the narration coming from an outsider, who himself is drawn into a group; the sense of involvement felt by the reader is heightened. As Richards is the only perspective provided on events the reader shares his surprise and dismay as initial preconceptions about other characters such as Charles and Camillas incestuous relationship are removed. Through the use of the first person narrative Tartt gains the ability to legitimately provide a biased view on events, as well as to give a much deeper insight into the workings of Richard as a character. His influences become clearer; his cultural reference points are revealed to be very different to those of the group whilst his suburban, west-coast, childhood is evident in his phrasing and language. This difference is one of the things picked on by Bunny; he chastises Richard for his use of the phrase totally weird. Richards thought process is that of the modern mind it bears many similarities with that of Judy Poovey and his tendency to digress at the critical moment leads him to remain an outsider and not fully comprehend the magnitude of events. An example of this is when he fails to understand that it was more than mere coincidence finding the flight details in Henrys flat; his ability to live without thinking something which Henry later admits to be jealous of means that he takes the most logical course of action and does not attempt to understand the background to events. His lack of understanding of the motives and actions of the group is undoubtedly a result of his inability to think in Greek and it is this separation that he never overcomes, something that adds intrigue and suspense to the narrative. These elements combine to create a more thrilling plot which it can be argued led to the commercial success of the novel. The narrative technique also gives Tartt scope to purge her own emotions through the feelings expressed by Richard himself in the novel; the potential for exploring autobiographical detail is vastly increased. This adds intrigue to the plot and is also of direct benefit to Tartt herself. It has been suggested by the critic Amanda Vaill of the Washington Post in particular that Tartt uses the novel to avenge her beloved T. S. Eliot; a critic of Eliot (Edmund Wilson) also went by the name of Bunny and it was implied that her vilification of Bunny was in a way a vengeful lash against him. The use of intra-diegetic narration does however limit Tartt in her exploration of other characters, something that has led to criticism of the novel for weak characterisation. Indeed, James Kaplan (writing in Vanity Fair) went as far as to say that he found it necessary to return to Richards initial description of the characters to even tell them apart. The style of the narration is fixed and does not vary; this can be somewhat tiresome in a novel of such length. The final limitation comes from the appeal of the book; readers like protagonists that they can identify with on a personal level and therefore to increase the potential readership of the book Tartt was required to use an everyman character as a narrator. This prevented her from making the book totally autobiographical. Tartts success in creating an everyman narrator is illustrated by Richards lack of outstanding characteristics that would vary the narrative; the two goals are irreconcilable for it is impossible to have an everyman narrator who has enough character traits and variations to be in themselves a point of interest throughout a novel as long as this. It is widely accepted that Tartt did succeed in creating an everyman narrator, something illustrated by the wide variety of critics who claimed that they could identify with Richard and indeed his lack of distinguishing characteristics. Tartts narrative technique bears a strong resemblance to that used by F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby, a novel that is made explicit reference to in the text. A split narrator/focaliser is used to a great and similar effect, something that is especially apparent in the opening passages; Chapter One of The Great Gatsby and the Prologue of The Secret History. The pervading sense is that of the experience having changed the narrator permanently; an experience that transcends all others within each of their lives. Richard says that This is the only story I will ever be able to tell and Nick Carraway describes the sense of hope he found within Gatsby as being something I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again. This flatters the reader into believing they are to be told something of great magnitude and encourages them to read on. A feature of both novels is the jaded perception that the narrator has of other characters in the book, much of the plot being subsequently derived from watching their preconceptions fall apart. Tartt uses an interesting twist on this in relation to Richards perception of Charles and Camilla, his initial view of them as a couple is broken down, only to be reaffirmed much later: I thought they were boyfriend and girlfriend, until one day I saw them up close and realized they ad to be siblings. Later I learned they were twins. (Chapter 1) This tendency to is true of Richards views on almost of all of the characters and Nicks view of Gatsby and Jordan Baker in particular. When compared with other first person narratives, Tartt does not exploit the medium to its full potential; for example when compared to Brontes Wuthering Heights which employs a far more sophisticated narrative technique. The Secret History uses a diachronic narrative structure whereas Wuthering Heights begins the narrative in medias res and the plot is then built up in a synchronic manner. This adds a far greater level of depth, intrigue and suspense to the plot and launches the reader in the centre of the action in the opening chapter; in contrast in The Secret History the reader has to wade through a lengthy preamble that builds up the character of Richard before the action begins. It can however be argued that without this period of characterization first then the subsequent events would lose much of their resonance and the factors that make the narrative appealing such as the inaccuracy of the narration itself would be far less apparent. Whilst it cannot be argued that The Secret History begins in medias res the prologue does however provide an initial retrospective view of events and it is from this that much of the suspense in the first book is generated. The split between the narrator and focaliser is introduced, explaining the time gap between Richards description of events and his subsequent commentary on them: through once I thought that I had left that ravine forever on an April afternoon long ago, now I am not so sure. (Prologue) When interviewed by Kirsty Wark for the BBC, Tartt explained that she believed she was experimenting with the technique of in medias res by beginning her narrative after the conclusion of events and then using a diachronic narrative structure to build back up to that point once again. Her technique could perhaps be therefore described as in finis res. One way in which Tartt varies the narrative is through the limited use of letters, something that is also evident in Wuthering Heights. In Francis suicide letter to Richard the cultural reference points that Francis employs are evident as being different from those of Richard and this adds depth to his character. This is similar to the way in which Bronte uses the letter from Isabella to Ellen Dean to provide a different perspective on events. Henry is used to a limited extent in the narration as well; when Richard finds out about the events of the bacchanal it is Henry who describes them to him. Henrys aloof manner and detachment from society is emphasized in this passage. It can be said that the losses inherent with first person narration can be excused because of the benefits that vastly outweigh them. The commercial success of the book indeed points to that fact whilst in a literary sphere the intra-diegetic narrative technique gives the reader a much deeper insight into Richards emotions. The reader feels almost implicated in the actions of the group themselves as a result of this. However in contrast to this, the appeal of the book is limited by the need for readers to identify with the protagonist, Richard, and this in turn reduced Tartts scope for exploring in greater depth the psyche of other characters. As such it appears that first person narration gave the book much of its success and the author indeed gained more than she lost. It has been argued by many critics that The Secret History is largely autobiographical. When the content of the novel is compared to Donna Tartts life then there are indeed a number of similarities, but they are spread amongst the main characters rather than being embodied entirely by one. No one character follows the pattern of her life; therefore the novel cannot be strictly regarded as being autobiographical. Despite this, the way in which elements of her life are evident amongst most of the main characters does lend the novel certain autobiographical qualities; Tartt is relating experiences that actually happened to her, although it can be argued that by including elements of her own experiences within all the major characters she limits her scope for deeper characterization and more varied personalities. When Tartts life is compared to that of Richard then a number of similarities become apparent. She moved from Mississippi University to Bennington, a move that is replicated in Richards own from a small college in my home town to Hampden College. Although strenuously denied by Tartt in interviews, there are a vast number of similarities between Bennington and Hampden and it is accepted by many critics that Bennington was in fact used as a model for the setting of The Secret History. At Bennington Tartt was a member of a similar Classics clique around a tutor called Claude Fredericks who, in remarkable similarity to Julian, taught Greek and admitted very few students to his classes. A good friend of Tartts at Bennington was Paul McGloin who bears resemblance to Henry intellectually, sartorially and physically. In another similarity to Richard, Tartt used her own past as a disposable resource, creating a new existence for herself at college. Tartt makes this trait of Richards very clear to the reader: My years [in Plano] created for me an expendable past, disposable as a plastic cup. Which I suppose was a very great gift, in a way. (Chapter 1) Beyond these bare facts the similarities with Richard end and any further details emerge from analysis of the other leading characters and events. Tartt was the only female in the clique, drawing similarities with Camilla, and the eccentric and incongruous figure she cut at Mississippi is reminiscent of Richards impression of Henry. In her childhood Tartt spent much of her time bed-bound through illness, a time in which she claims to have increased her literary awareness through reading, again in much the same manner as Henry does. Events that replicate themselves in the narrative are evident in her past too, the drugged experience at the funeral may be in reference to her own long, drugged afternoons in bed whilst her family background of abnormal relationship structures as a result of absent parents is evident in the past of Charles and Camilla. Her sense of being left behind by her aloof mother is replicated by Henry and Francis. The use of a first person narrative does not lend credibility to the autobiographical nature of the novel because if this was the case then her life would be embodied by the experiences of Richard. Whilst there may be passing similarities it would be difficult to say that Richard is representative of her path through college, and as already discussed her experiences also manifest themselves in the other characters. The autobiographical elements are also evident in the setting of the novel. It would have been as easy for Tartt to explore these issues using a third person narrative and it can be argued that this would have enabled her to explore aspects of her past, such as being the only female in the clique as Camilla is, with greater ease. What Tartt gains in emotional detail with relation to Richards character could be autobiographical but due to her secretive nature and reluctance to reveal details about her own past then this cannot be proven. Indeed, her own Secret History is what makes the book so interesting because of the tantalizing glimpses into her past which the reader flatters themselves into believing that they are seeing. Autobiographies are in their very essence first person narratives and Tartts use of this technique does lend that implication to the plot but her previously stated reticence to divulge information on how her life related to The Secret History makes further discussion on the point little more than fatuitous speculation. In conclusion The Secret History is a modern literary classic at least in part as a result of the depth and intensity that comes as a result of the first person narrative. Tartt employs this technique to such an effect as to draw the reader into the text to such an extent that they themselves feel implicated in the crimes that occur. It is true that this intra-diegetic narrative limits the scope for characterization and leads to a lack of variety in the novel, something which drew criticism from some parties, but the losses incurred as a result of this do not outweigh the aforementioned gains. It is difficult to say that the use of a first person narrative lends much credibility to the autobiographical argument because of the manner in which such details are distributed amongst the main characters as opposed to being embodied in Richard. Whilst certain aspects of her life that bear similarity to Richards could have given her a deeper insight into his emotional state, not only are the instances too diverse to represent such a trend, but the lack of information divulged by Tartt makes further investigation almost impossible.

Definition and Examples of Parataxis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Parataxis in Rhetoric Definition Parataxis is a grammatical and  rhetorical term for phrases or clauses arranged independently- a coordinate, rather than a subordinate, construction. Adjective: paratactic.  Contrast with  hypotaxis. Parataxis (also known as the additive style) is sometimes used as a synonym for asyndeton- that is, the coordination of phrases and clauses without coordinating conjunctions. However, as Richard Lanham demonstrates in Analyzing Prose, a sentence style may be both paratactic and polysyndetic (held together with numerous conjunctions). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Clausal Coordination and Phrasal Coordination Compound SentenceCoordinate ClauseJuxtapositionLangston Hughes on Harlem in the 1920sListParataxis in Steinbecks Paradox and DreamRunning StyleSimple SentenceWalt Whitmans Street YarnWendell Berrys A Few Words for Motherhood What Is the Running Style? EtymologyFrom the Greek, placing side by side Examples and Observations I came; I saw; I conquered.(Julius Caesar)Dogs, undistinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better- splashed to their very blinkers. Foot passengers, jostling one anothers umbrellas, in a general infection of ill-temper, and losing their foothold at street corners.(Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1852-1853)In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels.(Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, 1929)I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country. What I had was a coat, a hat and a gun.(Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, 1940) Joan Didions Paratactic StyleI remember walking across 62nd Street one twilight that first spring, or the second spring, they were all alike for a while. I was late to meet someone but I stopped at Lexington Avenue and bought a peach and stood on the corner eating it and knew that I had come out of the Wes t and reached the mirage. I could taste the peach and feel the soft air blowing from a subway grating on my legs and I could smell lilac and garbage and expensive perfume and I knew that it would cost something sooner or later . . ..(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968) Toni Morrisons Use of ParataxisTwenty-two years old, weak, hot, frightened, not daring to acknowledge the fact that he didnt know who or what he was . . . with no past, no language, no tribe, no source, no address book, no comb, no pencil, no clock, no pocket handkerchief, no rug, no bed, no can opener, no faded postcard, no soap, no key, no tobacco pouch, no soiled underwear and nothing nothing nothing to do . . . he was sure of one thing only: the unchecked monstrosity of his hands.(Toni Morrison, Sula, 1973) Natalie Kuszs Use of ParataxisI packed some books and a portable typewriter, drove to Homer on the coast, and rented a cabin near the beach. Something about the place, or its fishy air, or my aloneness in the middle of it, worked somehow, and I breathed bigger there in my chest and wrote more clearly on the page. I had forgotten about tides and about the kelp and dried crabs that came in with them, and every morning I shivered into a sweater, put combs in my hair, and walked out to wade and to fill my pockets with what I found. I liked it best when the wind was blowing and the sky was gray, and the sounds of seagulls and my own breathing were carried out with the water.(Natalie Kusz, Vital Signs. The Threepenny Review, 1989) Walt Whitmans Paratactic StyleNothing is ever really lost, or can be lost,No birth, identity, form- no object of the world.Nor life, nor force, nor any visible thing;Appearance must not foil, nor shifted sphere confuse thy brain.Ample are time and spaceample the fields of Nature.The body, sluggish, aged, cold- the embers left from earlier fires,The light in the eye grown dim, shall duly flame again;The sun now low in the west rises for mornings and for noons continual;To frozen clods ever the springs invisible law returns,With grass and flowers and summer fruits and corn.(Walt Whitman, Continuities) Characteristics of Paratactic Prose- In paratactic prose, clauses are loosely connected, creating a lopping discourse of heres another thing and another thing and another thing. . . . Paratactic prose occurs more frequently in narrative and explanation, and hypotactic prose more frequently in explicit arguments.(Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Style: The Uses of Language in Persuasion. Oxf ord University Press, 2011)- When clauses are linked in a relationship of equality, we say that the relationship is paratactic. Parataxis is the relationship between units of equal status. . . . Paratactic linking is often treated as equivalent to coordination . . .; more exactly, coordination is one type of parataxis, others being juxtaposition and linking by conjunctions such as so and yet.(Angela Downing and Philip Locke, A University Course in English Grammar. Prentice Hall, 1992)- A series of short phrases or clauses equalized by parataxis seems almost to invite these repetitive openings [anaphora]. We are reminded, on the one hand, of Scriptures ritual iterations- a list of Thou shalt nots or begats. On the other hand, the humble laundry list comes to mind. When you think of it, ordinary workaday prose is often taken up with lists. They represent parataxis par excellence. . . .But parataxis can be a contrived, patterned, self-conscious style, one whose syntax can carry . . . a n allegorical meaning of its own. It is easy to write a laundry list, but not so easy to write like Hemingway without falling into parody. Try it.(Richard A. Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)- Parataxis allows for the coherence of a narratives themes to be independent of the sequential organization of the story elements. Use of paratactic ordering is common in folksongs and even myths where the rearrangement of story elements in their order of presentation does not damage or confuse the story. For example, switching verses three and five of a seven-verse paratactic song would not alter the theme or tale presented, since linear progression is not an essential component of these works.(Richard Neupert, The End: Narration and Closure in the Cinema. Wayne State University Press, 1995) A Difficult Style to MasterAlthough it might seem as if writing in the additive style is just a matter of putting one thing after another in no particular order (how can that be hard?), it is in fact the far more difficult style to master; for the relative absence of formal constraints means that there are no rules or recipes for what to do because there are no rules or recipes for what not to do.(Stanley Fish, How to Write a Sentence. Harper Collins, 2011) A. Bartlett Giamatti on the Paratactic Style of BaseballHere the oft-told tale that is the game is told again. It is told always in the present tense, in a paratactic style that reflects the games seamless, cumulative character, each event linked to the last and creating the context for the next- a style almost Biblical in its continuity and instinct for typology.(A. Bartlett Giamatti, Take Time for Paradise: Americans and Their Games. Summit Books, 1989) Pronunciation: PAR-a-TAX-iss